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  • : La valorisation des coproduits du bioéthanol en alimentation animale
  • La valorisation des coproduits du bioéthanol en alimentation animale
  • : alimentation animale bioethanol coproduit DDGS dreche Actualité
  • : La production de bioéthanol à partir de céréales ou maïs engendre des drêches, coproduits à fort potentiel pour l'alimentation animale. Le développement important de la filière bioéthanol en Europe et notamment en France va entraîner une augmentation du tonnage de drêches disponibles pour l'alimentation animale d'où la nécessité de disposer d'informations sur ce(s) nouveau(x) coproduit(s).
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:31

Ethanol production is here to stay … so let’s figure out how to use the byproducts

Ethanol production is here to stay … so let’s figure out how to use the byproducts
By Jerry Shurson, PhD animal scientist, University of Minnesota (Wednesday, November 01, 2006)
The ethanol industry is the fastest growing segment of American agriculture, and it’s a major consumer of the annual corn crop. According to estimates, 14 percent to 16 percent of the 11-billion-bushel 2005 corn crop will be used for ethanol production this year. About 23 percent of this year’s crop will head in that direction.
U.S. livestock and poultry industries consume about 5 billion bushels of corn annually, which means the competition for corn will heat up. It’s natural to be concerned about what it will mean to future corn prices and availability.
Of course, the ethanol industry produces a growing byproduct supply that can be used as alternative ingredients to corn and soybean meal in livestock and poultry feeds. Approximately 70 percent of total byproducts from dry-grind ethanol plants are available as distillers' dried grains with solubles-- DDGS.
On a dry basis, the North American ethanol industry will produce about 10 million metric tones of distillers’ byproducts in 2006. That’s projected to increase to 14 million metric tones in 2007. Historically, 97 percent of distillers’ byproducts produced in the United States were fed to cattle. Due to DDGS’ growing supply and improved quality, researchers have shown that DDGS can successfully be used in swine diets. The U.S. pork industry now feeds about 16 percent of all DDGS produced, which will continue to climb as the supply grows.
What do we know about feeding DDGS?
Nutrient composition, digestibility and physical characteristics vary among DDGS sources. Its energy value is equal to or greater than corn, making it a good partial substitute in swine diets. Recent studies show that DDGS sources with a light, golden color are preferred for swine feeds because the color indicates less heat damage to protein during drying and results in high lysine digestibility.
DDGS’ phosphorus is highly digestible for swine and much higher than from corn or soybean meal. This means that DDGS can replace most of the inorganic phosphorus supplements added to swine diets, reduce cost and manure phosphorus excretion while supporting optimal performance. Therefore, DDGS is an economical partial replacement for corn, soybean meal and dicalcium phosphate in swine diets.
However, nutrient content and digestibility variability is high among DDGS sources compared to soybean meal sources. But this can be managed. (See accompanying sidebar for tips.)
As for maximum DDGS diet-inclusions, the initial findings are:
·       Nursery pigs (> 7 kg), up to 25 percent.
·       Grow/finish pigs, up to 20 percent. (If you use higher levels it may reduce pork-fat quality.)
·       Gestating sows, up to 50 percent.
·       Lactating sows, up to 30 percent.
Of course, there are assumptions to those diet inclusion rates. For example, that the DDGS carry no mycotoxins, and that diets are formulated on the basis of digestible amino acids and available phosphorus.
Naturally, there are limitations.
Up to 10 percent DDGS can be added to swine diets with excellent results even if diets are formulated on a total-lysine basis. However, if higher dietary inclusion rates are used, diets should be formulated on a digestible-amino-acid basis to achieve satisfactory performance.
Feeding diets containing DDGS affects manure nutrient content and output. DDGS’ relatively high fiber content reduces the dry matter digestibility, which results in a slight increase in manure output. The high protein-to-lysine ratio increases the nitrogen excretion, but it will reduce the phosphorus concentration in manure if formulations are based on available phosphorus.
Corn DDGS contains approximately 10 percent corn oil. As higher DDGS levels (greater than 20 percent) are added to growing-swine diets, pork-fat quality and belly firmness decline. University of Minnesota researchers are evaluating the effects of DDGS feeding levels and feeding length on fat quality.
A few studies suggest that diet palatability, feed intake and growth rate may decline as DDGS levels increase in corn/soybean meal diets. However, other studies show that DDGS can be added to swine diets at levels up to 50 percent without negative effects on feed intake. It’s unclear why the different responses occurred, but it may be due to differences in DDGS quality and methods used in formulating the diets.
But DDGS does offer unique, value-added attributes. Adding it to grow/finish diets may improve the pigs’ gut health. A University of Minnesota study shows that adding 10 percent DDGS to a finishing diet reduced the length, severity and prevalence of intestinal-tract lesions caused by Lawsonia intracellularis.
Feeding diets containing DDGS to sows has produced positive effects as well. Minnesota researchers conducted a sow study to evaluate diets containing high DDGS levels (50 percent in gestation, 20 percent in lactation), and its effects on reproductive performance over a series of sow reproductive cycles. It showed an increase in the litter size weaned for sows fed DDGS diets during the second reproductive cycle. In a subsequent study, pig weaning weights increased as DDGS levels in the lactation diet increased (up to 30 percent DDGS).
So what’s preventing widespread use?
·       Variability in nutrient content and digestibility.
·       Low particle size and flowability problems of some sources.
·       Perceived risk of mycotoxins—primarily for sows.
·       Ability to pellet DDGS diets.
·       Understanding and managing the effects of corn oil in DDGS on pork-fat quality.
·       Controversy over palatability issues, and negative effects on feed intake at high dietary inclusion rates.
·       Fast, accurate and inexpensive in vitro methods to estimate amino acid digestibility among sources.
·       Net energy values of DDGS sources need to be determined.
So, the challenges continue. But we all need to discover answers on how to best use ethanol byproducts, because that industry is here to stay.
Jerry Shurson, is a swine nutritionist at the University of Minnesota. He has been researching DDGS for the past nine years. You will find more information on DDGS at www.ddgs.umn.edu.
Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Drêches de maïs
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:30

Scaling the golden DDGS mountain

Scaling the golden DDGS mountain
By Marlys Miller (Friday, December 29, 2006)
There is something monumental underway. No question, ethanol production is going to impact your business. You’ve already felt the pinch of rising corn prices, and it started during harvest season. When was the last time that happened?
Well, get used to it. There’s a long climb ahead of you in the next several years as ethanol producers, livestock producers and other corn customers struggle to find a balance. Sure, the path will smooth out at some point in the future, as corn genetics, acreage adjustments and ethanol processing find ways to refine the tools of the trade.
For your part, if you don’t know much about distillers’ dried grains with solubles — a corn ethanol byproduct — you need to become familiar because there will be a mountain of product. There’s plenty of information to sort through, although much of it is evolving as research uncovers new answers.
Before you think about mixing DDGS into your swine rations, you need to understand what constitutes a quality DDGS product and what to look for in a supplier.
Start with a nutrient profile  
DDGS sources vary in terms of nutrient concentrations. But an average product contains about 28 percent crude protein, 10 percent fat, 7 percent crude fiber and 0.7 percent phosphorus. (See sidebar for ranges.)
“The amino acid concentration is approximately three times greater than in corn; the same goes for fiber,” says Hans Stein, University of Illinois swine nutritionist.
Lysine is a key factor to watch in DDGS. It’s more variable than other amino acids because overheating causes it to bind tightly to carbohydrates and it and reduces its digestibility. “If the lysine concentration is less than 2.8 percent of the total crude-protein concentration, then the product is likely heat damaged to the point that it’s undesirable for swine feeding,” Stein says.
Producers should analyze the product’s lysine and crude protein levels, he notes. Then calculate the lysine as a percentage of total crude protein to ensure that minimal heat damage has occurred. Even without heat damage, dietary lysine levels in DDGS are lower than in corn or soybean meal. This means that crystalline lysine needs to be added to balance the diet. DDGS has a high digestible-phosphorus content, so less inorganic phosphorus would be needed.
DDGS’ energy level is similar to corn, but there is more fiber. Neither should affect pig performance, Stein says.
Diets will need to be formulated based on digestible-amino-acid and phosphorus levels. “As a rule of thumb, for each 10 percent of DDGS that is included in the diet, you can remove about 5.80 percent corn, 4.20 percent soybean meal and 0.2 percent monocalcium phosphate,” he adds. “At the same time, you need to increase the inclusion of crystalline lysine and limestone by 0.1 percent.” With those factors in place, DDGS usually does not affect pig performance.
Not all DDGS is created equal
Of course, you can expect DDGS nutrient levels to vary between sources, but complicating the prospect is the fact that it also can vary over time within a plant.
“Much of the variation in nutrient content of corn DDGS is likely due to normal variation among crop varieties and where it is grown,” says Jerry Shurson, University of Minnesota swine nutritionist.
For the raw grain itself, some influencing factors include grain type and variety; grain quality, which is influenced by soil conditions, fertilizer, weather, production and harvesting methods; and the grain formula.
On the processing side, the list is huge. “As nutrients in DDGS become concentrated due to starch fermentation to produce ethanol, it’s no surprise that nutrient variability among DDGS sources also widens,” Shurson says.
In addition, the ratio of condensed distillers’ solubles that is blended with distillers’ grain to produce DDGS varies between plants. “Because nutrition composition between these two fractions differs greatly, it’s understandable that the proportions would significantly effect the DDGS’ final nutrient composition,” Shurson notes. Some ethanol plants add all of the condensed solubles produced into the grains portion before drying, while others add much less. 
The process to make ethanol from corn varies from plant to plant. In some cases, the processor’s objective is to find a product niche or technology that gives the refinery a competitive advantage. Depending on the plant, the distiller's byproduct may have have less nutritional and economic value than DDGS.
“Processing at the ethanol plant is the largest influencing factor on DDGS quality,” Shurson says. Such factors include the grind of the corn (the finer, the lower the value), cooking, fermentation and drying (dryers can vary from 260° F to 1,200° F). He offers a look at some of the ethanol refining processes that can affect the DDGS product.
·       Some plants use cookers to add heat for fermentation and use less enzymes. Other plants use more enzymes and don’t rely on cookers as much for fermentation. “Theoretically, using less heat could improve amino-acid digestibility of DDGS, but there haven’t been any studies on this,” Shurson says.
·       Some plants partially de-germ the corn before fermentation. This reduces the fat and energy levels in the final DDGS.
·       Some plants market wet distillers’ grains, which results in high levels of solubles added to the grain to produce DDGS. “This creates a DDGS product with a higher fat level,” he notes.
·       One company produces a pelleted DDGS product (mostly for export). But to make a quality pellet, 20 percent soybean hulls are blended with the DDGS. The soybean hulls increase the fiber content and dilute all of the other nutrient levels.
·       Whisky distillers produce a slightly different DDGS than ethanol refining because of the grain mixture used.
·       There are examples of products labeled as DDGS, which are actually corn gluten byproducts or blends of other distillers’ byproducts, Shurson notes. To distinguish between these types of products and corn DDGS, he suggests checking the fat and phosphorus content. Corn DDGS is higher in both.
In terms of quality, it’s worth noting that ethanol refining does not destroy mycotoxins present in the grain. Actually, by the time DDGS is produced, the concentration levels increase by three fold.  “Many ethanol plants screen the grain prior to accepting it. If a pork producer is looking to buy DDGS, he should get the supplier’s assurance that an acceptable mycotoxin quality-control plan is in place,” Stein says. You also can send DDGS samples to a commercial lab that uses HPLC procedures for mycotoxin detection.
Look for the golden glow
So, how do you ensure DDGS quality?
There are no standards set for DDGS composition, nor is there a grading system to help differentiate quality.
For now, color is the best indicator you have to measure DDGS quality. However, color can range from dark, burnish gold, almost brown to a light golden hue. Because excessive temperatures darken DDGS, go for the gold. Focus on the lightness and yellowness — that appears to be a reasonable predictor of digestible lysine content.
“Even then, true lysine-digestibility coefficients for swine ranged from 44 percent to 63 percent,” Shurson notes.
There is some price differentiation surfacing based on subjective color scores. In fact, it’s not uncommon to find a $10- to $15-per-ton price difference between “golden” DDGS and darker-colored versions.
“You’re going to have to take control,” Shurson says. “It’s important to identify specific ethanol plants that produce the type of DDGS with a nutrient profile and color that best matches the feeding application,” Shurson says.
One place where you can find help is www.ddgs.umn.edu; look under the “Nutrient Profile” section.
“There has been considerable discussion about standardization, but little interest,” Shurson says. National committees are evaluating the prospect of DDGS nutrient standards and product testing procedures.
Realistically, he doesn’t see standardization happening on an industry-wide basis but perhaps within companies, cooperatives or regions. “Most ethanol plants are very secretive; they don’t want to tell you about their processes,” Shurson says. “But some plants are getting serious about DDGS.” 
Getting serious about incorporating DDGS into your swine rations may be a bit of an up-hill climb. But research and other producers’ experiences will continue to provide answers. Besides, scaling the DDGS mountain is one way to offset some of the rising corn prices that you will face, at least until the market reaches a new balance.
Finding a Home within the Range
If you’re going to include distillers’ dried grains with solubles in your swine rations, it has to carry its weight in nutrients. But accomplishing that task consistently is a challenge. Hopefully some refineries will commit to standardizing DDGS byproduct quality.
Here’s a look at 32 U.S. corn DDGS sources and the nutrient ranges that they present.
Nutrient             Range  
Crude Protein   28.7% - 32.9%
Crude Fat         8.8% - 12.4%
Crude Fiber      5.4% - 10.4%
Ash      3.0% - 9.8%
Calculated ME             3,504 – 4,048 (swine) kcal/kg
Lysine  0.61% - 1.06%
Arginine            1.01% - 1.48%
Tryptophan       0.18% - 0.28%
Methionine       0.54% - 0.76%
Phosphorus      0.42% - 0.99%
Source: University of Minnesota
Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Drêches de maïs
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:28

Nursery Pig Diets: a new DDGS option

Nursery Pig Diets: a new DDGS option
By Jane Messenger (Thursday, February 01, 2007)
Can you feed distillers’ dried grains with solubles to nursery pigs? Yes, according to University of Minnesota research.
A research team led by Mark Whitney, University of Minnesota swine Extension educator, conducted two growth-performance experiments to evaluate the effect of feeding increased DDGS levels in nursery pig diets. The researchers specifically focused on growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency. They also sought to determine the maximum inclusion rate of new-generation DDGS products.
In the experiments, researchers used inclusion rates of 0 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, 15 percent, 20 percent and 25 percent in the nursery diets. Each experiment involved 96 pigs in a three-phase feeding program. This regimen included a Phase-I diet, which was a commercial, pelleted diet fed during the first four days after weaning; a Phase-II diet, fed for 14 days in a meal form; and a Phase-III diet, fed for 21 days in a meal form. Only Phase-II and Phase-III diets contained the various levels of DDGS evaluated.
Researchers weaned the pigs at 19 days, weighing an average of 15.6 pounds each, in experiment one. Pigs were weaned at 17 days, averaging 11.6 pounds each, in experiment two.
Results from the first experiment showed no effect on growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency and final nursery weights as dietary DDGS levels increased. “Pigs were able to effectively consume and convert high DDGS levels -- up to 25 percent -- without any adverse effects on pig growth,” Whitney says.
In the second experiment, when pigs ate increased levels of DDGS during the Phase-II diet, feed intake and growth rate decreased. However, there was no effect on feed efficiency. With the Phase-III diet, DDGS inclusion levels had no effect on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, gain-to-feed intake or ending-nursery body weight.
“Overall, the study shows that DDGS products from new-generation ethanol plants are an acceptable, partial substitute for corn, soybean meal and dicalcium phosphate in nursery pig diets,” Whitney says. “If you formulate diets based on metabolizable energy and digestible-amino-acid levels, it's possible to include up to 25 percent DDGS in Phase-III diets with no detrimental effects on growth performance.”
The researchers did find that in young (17 days), light-weight piglets adding more than 5 percent DDGS in the Phase-II diet may reduce feed intake and growth rate. But there were no negative effects evident in pigs weaned later (19+ days) or at a heavier weight.
DDGS can cause some problems in finishing hogs because it tends to soften the animal’s fat. Of course, that’s not an issue for pigs in the nursery stage, making DDGS a good fit as a dietary inclusion there. The issue of soft fat is a result of adding more polyunsaturated fat to the diet in the form of corn oil in DDGS as opposed to starch, Whitney says. It causes the same problem as adding a large amount of vegetable oil to finishing diets.
Japanese customers are especially sensitive to soft carcass fat. Some importers have said that they don’t want product from producers feeding DDGS because they suspect some problems with carcass quality.
One way to avoid DDGS-related problems is to have a consistent product source. “You have to keep an eye on product quality and look at lab analyses for each plant,” Whitney says. “The best thing to do is establish a relationship with one or two sources that have analyzed the company’s DDGS products.” This is why it’s helpful to work with a swine nutritionist. “You do have to monitor the quality of the products,” he emphasizes.
Based on his studies, Whitney says that pork producers can add 5 percent to 10 percent DDGS in a Phase-III diet as a part of a feeding program for nursery pigs without concern. If you’re working with wean-to-finish pigs, it’s best to add DDGS when pigs reach 20 to 25 days old. Include DDGS in late-nursery diets to acclimate the pigs to the new diets prior to moving them to grow/finish facilities in conventional systems.
Whitney points out that some earlier studies, which looked at feeding DDGS to nursery pigs, had mixed results. But there are a lot of questions surrounding those trials. For starters, he questions whether the results are even applicable today since ethanol plants and their technology have changed so much, and there are many new-generation ethanol plants being built today. Also, producers wean pigs at different ages today then when the trials were conducted. Producers used different feed-management systems at the time; and the ingredients and complexity of the diets were different. Finally, DDGS characteristics are different today. “That’s why it’s so important to have new data,” he says.
Besides the diet aspect, DDGS could provide a viable alternative to corn and soybean meal. “If prices work out in your area, you should try to feed DDGS as much as you can,” Whitney says. “Data from John Lawrence at Iowa State University indicate that, historically, DDGS sells for about 85 percent of the value of corn in the upper Midwest. If that trend holds true, most of the time livestock producers can save considerable amounts of money in feed costs by including DDGS in diets."
There will certainly be more research and more answers, but even with the limited studies, Whitney believes that DDGS has potential in nursery pig diets.
Digging Deeper into the Nursery Phase
So far, there have been only a few studies evaluating the use of distillers’ dried grains with solubles in nursery pig diets. According to Mark Whitney, swine Extension educator at the University of Minnesota, more research is needed to evaluate factors that may explain performance differences that have been observed in nursery pigs.
Some other areas that need more guidance and answers include:
  • Nutrient composition of DDGS sources and digestibility.
  • Anti-nutritional compounds involved.
  • Effects of processing and/or drying procedures on DDGS product quality and digestibility.
  • More refinement of diet formulations.
  • Different grain sources and the prospects of those DDGS byproducts in pig diets.
  • Potential health benefits of feeding DDGS to nursery pigs.
  • The economic implications of feeding DDGS.

http://www.allaboutfeed.net/

Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Drêches de maïs
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:26

US triples its DDGS production

  US triples its DDGS production
// 05 apr 2007
 

The amount of distillers grain available in the US is likely to be three times higher this year compated to the amount in 2003/04, acoording to the National Corn Growers Association.

"Many believed we'd be facing a surplus of distillers grains by now, but we certainly haven't seen that materialize," says NCGA Ethanol Committee chairman Bruce Noel. "Demand is very high. It's become a mainstream ingredient in livestock rations and we're seeing it used in all parts of the country."

Enough corn
Although some economists and policymakers have expressed concerns that rising corn prices due to ethanol production demand will cause problems for livestock producers and food prices, NCGA has often voiced an opinion that US farmers can produce enough corn to supply both the ethanol industry and livestock feed markets. Livestock producers' use of distillers grains is an important part of that vision.

"To the ethanol producer, it's a valuable coproduct that increases the bottom line," Noel says. "And to the feeder, it's a good source of protein and energy normally offered at a lower price relative to other ingredients."

http://www.allaboutfeed.net/
Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Revue de Presse
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:24

NCGA: Over 17 Million Tons of DDGS Likely in 2007/08

NCGA: Over 17 Million Tons of DDGS Likely in 2007/08
The amount of distillers grain available this year is likely to be three times the amount in 2003/04.
(4/4/2007)
Farm Futures staff
The U.S. ethanol industry is likely to produce between 17 and 18 million tons of distillers grains for livestock feed in the 2007/08 marketing year, the National Corn Growers Association says - three times the amount available four years earlier.
"Many believed we'd be facing a surplus of distillers grains by now, but we certainly haven't seen that materialize," says NCGA Ethanol Committee chairman Bruce Noel. "Demand is very high. It's become a mainstream ingredient in livestock rations and we're seeing it used in all parts of the country."
Although some economists and policymakers have expressed concerns that rising corn prices due to ethanol production demand will cause problems for livestock producers and food prices, NCGA has often voiced an opinion that U.S. farmers can produce enough corn to supply both the ethanol industry and livestock feed markets. Livestock producers' use of distillers grains is an important part of that vision.
"To the ethanol producer, it's a valuable coproduct that increases the bottom line," Noel says. "And to the feeder, it's a good source of protein and energy normally offered at a lower price relative to other ingredients."
Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Revue de Presse
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:21

Biofuels Sparking Changes in Livestock Production

Biofuels Sparking Changes in Livestock Production
By Marlys Miller (Thursday, April 05, 2007)
The push for expanding the biofuels industry is  driving many changes in animal agriculture and there are still more  to come, according to John Lawrence, Iowa State University agricultural
economist.
"Will there be enough corn to go around?" Lawrence asks. "Yes, but markets aren´t kind, gentle or  smooth." He adds that agriculture has become a fuel  producer, with the ethanol industry growing faster than economists  can make graphs. The growing demand for corn for ethanol production is driving the price of corn up significantly.  
The corn market has had relatively flat demand with the exception of ethanol, he says. According to industry estimates, 5.5 million to 10 million bushels of corn will be grown just for ethanol by the year
2012.
Corn prices are now more closely linked to crude oil prices.  If world oil prices are at $60 per barrel, ethanol plants are expected to expand until corn is around $4 per bushel for corn.  
In addition to providing another market for corn, recent increases in ethanol production also mean that there is more dried distillers grain available for livestock feed.  Lawrence estimates that there will be about 46.8 million tons of DDGS produced if the industry processes 5.5 billion bushels of corn for ethanol.
Although DDGS may reduce feed costs for pork producers, the price will not be low enough to offset the higher corn price.
New technologies are emerging to produce a better DDGS for hogs, but for now, producers should be aware of where the DDGS is coming from. 
"DDGS products will change depending on the plant it comes from and how it´s made," Lawrence notes.
The long-term implication for animal agriculture depends on many factors, including the amount of DDGS incorporated into the ration. The price of DDGS relative to corn and soybean meal prices also is a factor to consider.
Also in the long-term pork producers can expect more corn basis volatility.
"Storage capacity is key," says Lawrence, noting that livestock producers are accustomed to having relatively low-cost corn. Producers need to be aware of their physical control of the grain, now and months from now.
If they haven´t done so already, now might be a good time to consider building and managing storage for feed use year round, he adds.
Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Drêches de maïs
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:19

Condensed DDGS product is more stable

Condensed DDGS product is more stable

Animal Feed & Animal Nutrition News ,06 apr 2007

Producers have more than wet and dry options when feeding distillers grains to their livestock, according to Montana rancher Irv Haidle. Feeding distillers grains is beneficial to the livestock industry, but they don't have a long shelf life. The company SweetPro took the dried distillers grains a step further in the drying process and condensed the product into a block. "By taking all the water out and putting it in the block, the distillers grains become stable for 18 months because of the enzymes and yeast that are in the product," explained Haidle. "It becomes storable and shippable." Added value "To add value, SweetPro put organic minerals, nutrients and salt in the center," said Haidle. "This is what they call the ProBioTein, which has digestive aids comprised of agents used in ethanol production. The products are distributed using distillers grains blocks, which include lick blocks and granular pellets for horses." Cattle that consume the product have improved feed utilization, consumption and gain in growing cattle because not a lot of energy is used in digestion. In addition, the cattle have shown 125% utilization and enhanced digestibility of poor quality hay, said Haidle.

Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Drêches de maïs
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:17

Biocarburants : les gagnants et les perdants d'une "nouvelle économie"

Biocarburants : les gagnants et les perdants d'une "nouvelle économie"

LE MONDE ECONOMIE | 02.04.07 | 17h54

Le 26 mars, le président Bush a reçu les dirigeants des trois principaux constructeurs automobiles américains - General Motors, Ford et Chrysler - afin de coordonner l'objectif fixé par son administration en janvier (réduire de 20 % la consommation d'essence du pays) avec les projets des industriels. Ceux-ci se sont engagés à rendre d'ici à 2012 la moitié de leurs nouvelles automobiles aptes à rouler au biocarburant, ou avec un mélange intégrant 85 % d'éthanol. Les Etats-Unis connaissent aujourd'hui une véritable ruée sur ce produit : alors que l'on comptait 54 distilleries en 2000, 107 étaient, au 1er décembre 2006, en fonctionnement et 57 autres en construction ou en extension. Après que, le 15 février, la Commission de Bruxelles a fixé pour l'Union européenne (UE) un objectif de 10 % de consommation de carburant issu de la biomasse pour 2020, les perspectives sont tout aussi intéressantes en Europe pour la filière biodiesel. Les biocarburants présentent un triple avantage, explique Philippe Tillous-Borde, directeur général de Sofiproteol, acteur majeur de la filière biodiesel française : ils émettent moins de CO2 que l'essence et le gasoil ; ils limitent la dépendance énergétique vis-à-vis des pays producteurs de pétrole, politiquement incertains ; ils constituent un nouveau débouché pour les agriculteurs. "LE POIDS DES LOBBIES" La multiplication, de cinq à sept fois selon les scénarios de l'Agence internationale de l'énergie (AIE), de la production mondiale de "carburants verts" attendue d'ici à 2030, devrait bouleverser l'économie des productions et des échanges agricoles et énergétiques mondiaux dans les dix à quinze prochaines années. La cartographie de cette "nouvelle économie agricole", pour reprendre l'expression de l'agronome Michel Griffon, est loin d'être fixée. La compétitivité de chaque filière (maïs, canne à sucre, colza etc.) et donc de chaque région du monde dépend à la fois de son rendement énergétique - qui doit être supérieur à l'énergie consommée pour produire, transporter, etc. -, de ses coûts de production, de la capacité de ses acteurs à profiter - ou à se protéger - de la concurrence mondiale et du prix du pétrole. Des récentes études de l'Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) ont montré que la plupart des biocarburants existants ne sont compétitifs, sans subventions, qu'au-delà de 80 dollars le baril de pétrole. Distilleurs et agriculteurs proposent d'autres calculs. "En la matière, le poids des lobbies est tel qu'il est quasi impossible d'obtenir des données fiables", note avec amertume un chercheur. L'INRA, pour ne pas froisser sa tutelle, le ministère de l'agriculture, a ainsi renoncé à communiquer publiquement sur ces sujets. Une étude de la Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, l'une des douze composantes de la Fed, la banque centrale américaine, met aussi en garde contre l'espoir démesuré des "farmers" du Middle-West. Au fur et à mesure que les distilleries grandissent et se multiplient, les investissements deviennent si lourds que leur propriété passe des mains des coopératives (100 % de la production en 1999) à celles des compagnies pétrolières, jusqu'à ne détenir que 10 % de la production en 2006. Les agriculteurs, même regroupés, ne sont pas non plus en mesure de supporter les fortes variations des cours de l'éthanol, liés à ceux du pétrole. La concentration de la production dans les zones agricoles pose aussi des problèmes de transport : l'éthanol ne passe pas dans les oléoducs, il faut l'acheminer par rail et par route jusqu'aux raffineries de pétrole. Celles-ci étant situées dans les ports, près des terminaux pétroliers, les majors du pétrole peuvent être tentées d'importer l'éthanol des pays du Sud, dont l'agriculture est plus compétitive. "Toute la question est de savoir comment va se répartir la rente des biocarburants", observe au final Vincent Gitz, chercheur au Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement (Cired). Le commerce de l'éthanol - plus facilement transportable que le biodiesel - est déjà un enjeu des négociations commerciales internationales : les Etats-Unis, l'UE, le Brésil, la Chine, l'Inde et l'Afrique du Sud ont ouvert, le 2 mars, des discussions sur ce sujet dans le cadre des Nations unies. "Il y a un énorme non-dit dans tout cela, remarque Michel Colombier, chercheur à l'Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales (Iddri), on nous affirme qu'il y a adéquation entre la politique énergétique et la politique agricole, alors que la préoccupation énergétique pousserait à importer massivement, et que la politique agricole consiste à protéger notre agriculture de la concurrence mondiale sur ces nouveaux débouchés." Avant de se ruer sur les biocarburants de première génération, aux rendements et à la compétitivité incertains, ne faudrait-il pas s'interroger sur le choix des filières à développer, et sur le rythme de leur croissance ? Mais pour M. Tillous-Borde, "on en est encore au b.a.-ba pour la deuxième génération, il reste à franchir d'énormes seuils technologiques : rien ne se passera avant au moins dix ans. Et l'on ne peut pas attendre".

Antoine Reverchon

Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Revue de Presse
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:15

"Une compétition entre cultures alimentaires et énergétiques"

"Une compétition entre cultures alimentaires et énergétiques"

Michel Griffon, responsable du département Ecosystèmes et développement durable à l'Agence nationale pour la recherche

LE MONDE ECONOMIE | 02.04.07 | 17h55

Les besoins en carburant issu de la biomasse risquent-ils d'être assouvis aux dépens des besoins alimentaires ? La population mondiale devrait atteindre un maximum, avant de régresser, en 2050. Pour nourrir alors 9 milliards de personnes, il faudra doubler la production agricole. Mais l'agriculture mondiale ne pourra assurer à la fois l'alimentation, la production en carburant et la préservation de la biodiversité. Pourquoi ? On pense que la planète est assez vaste et la marge de progression des rendements suffisante pour couvrir tous les besoins. Même si Malthus a eu finalement tort (ndlr : en prévoyant que la planète ne pourrait pas nourrir l'accroissement de la population au XIXe siècle), il faut tout de même savoir que les conditions climatiques, la nature des sols, la présence d'eau, la durée des périodes de moisson, rendent inégales les performances des terres cultivables selon les continents. Lorsqu'elles sont encore disponibles ! Aujourd'hui 75 % des terres cultivables sont déjà utilisées en Asie, 87 % en Afrique du Nord et de l'Ouest, 53 % en Russie, 44 % en Europe, en Amérique du Nord et au Japon. En revanche, il existe d'importantes marges de manoeuvre en Amérique latine (19 %) et en Afrique subsaharienne (22 %). Mais ce serait au prix de la déforestation de l'Amazonie et du bassin du Congo ! Au total, la montée des biocarburants va se traduire par une compétition pour la terre entre cultures alimentaires et cultures énergétiques. La rareté de l'énergie risque de créer une rareté alimentaire. Du moins pour les dix à quinze prochaines années, le temps que soient mises au point des espèces végétales dédiées à la production de biocarburants, ou encore des technologies permettant de traiter l'ensemble de la biomasse, ce qui allégera d'autant la pression sur les cultures alimentaires. En attendant, quelles seront les évolutions majeures à attendre en matière agricole ? Tout d'abord, la montée des prix, que l'on observe déjà pour le maïs, peut être à la fois une chance et un problème. Un problème pour les 200 millions de personnes sous-alimentées, dont la plupart vivent dans les zones urbaines ; une chance pour les 2,5 milliards d'agriculteurs pauvres, qui peuvent bénéficier d'un effet de richesse, non sans conséquences positives pour la croissance mondiale. Mais la volatilité des prix peut modifier en permanence les arbitrages entre marchés alimentaire et énergétique, ce qui nécessite une intervention accrue des Etats. Le gouvernement indien a ainsi, à l'inverse de ses homologues malaisien ou indonésien, renoncé à créer une filière biocarburants à base d'huile de palme, car cela aurait fait monter les prix de cette huile indispensable à la friture des aliments, le meilleur antibactérien dans les pays d'Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est. Une hausse des prix modifierait aussi la donne des négociations à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) : les prix pourraient se rapprocher des coûts de production de l'agriculture euro-américaine, ce qui ne justifierait plus les subventions, et permettrait en échange de débloquer les discussions sur la libéralisation des services. Mais on peut craindre aussi que le Nord ne taxe les biocarburants du Sud pour protéger, à nouveau, ses agriculteurs. Qui seront, géographiquement, les gagnants et les perdants de ces évolutions ? Les zones tropicales humides, qui bénéficient d'une production en continu, de coûts de production peu élevés et de terres disponibles, seront plus compétitives que nos zones tempérées. Si le Brésil, grâce à son agro-business, peut en tirer parti, c'est beaucoup moins sûr pour l'Afrique. D'autant que les grandes firmes pétrolières vont se lancer dans une course à la terre, pour créer ex-nihilo des plantations qui ne profiteront pas forcément aux agriculteurs africains de base, sauf à organiser ces derniers comme on l'a fait pour le coton. Et à plus long terme, le changement climatique pourrait modifier la donne, en permettant la mise en exploitation des terres en Russie, Chine du Nord et dans le nord du Canada, alors que le Brésil et l'Afrique souffriront de sécheresse ! Les Canadiens s'y préparent déjà.

Propos recueillis par Antoine Reverchon CV

2005 Michel Griffon dirige le département Ecosystèmes et développement durable à l'Agence nationale pour la recherche, et préside le Comité scientifique et technique du Fonds français pour l'environnement mondial.

2002 Il est nommé conseiller pour le développement durable auprès du directeur général du Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (Cirad).

Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Revue de Presse
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Jeudi 12 avril 2007 4 12 /04 /Avr /2007 08:13

A Rouen, l'avenir du port se joue entre agriculteurs et raffineurs

A Rouen, l'avenir du port se joue entre agriculteurs et raffineurs

LE MONDE ECONOMIE | 02.04.07 | 17h55 ROUEN ENVOYÉE SPÉCIALE

Le long des quais, les terminaux s'enchaînent sur une vingtaine de kilomètres, de Rouen à Grand-Couronne, et l'impact des biocarburants est déjà visible. Progressivement, le port normand se façonne une position de leader français du carburant végétal. "Nous venons d'envoyer les demandes de permis de construire et d'exploitation pour notre seconde usine de fabrication de Diester (biodiesel), explique le chef d'établissement de la société Saipol (groupe Sofiprotéol), Albert Delepine. Les travaux devraient démarrer cet été." C'est ici, au terminal agro-industrie du port, que tout a commencé en 1993 avec la construction d'une première usine. Collectant le colza dans un rayon de 250 km, elle livre les deux tiers de sa production aux raffineries pétrolières de Seine-Maritime, Exxon Mobil, Shell et Total, qui intégrent les biocarburants à hauteur de 5 %. En 2006, 260 000 tonnes de Diester ont été produites ; en 2008, ce sera le double. A 50 km de là, à Port-Jérôme, un terminal qui relève aussi du port de Rouen, on voit grand également. L'usine de Lillebonne devrait démarrer d'ici à la fin avril et sera la plus importante unité au monde de production d'éthanol à base de blé. Le projet est piloté par la coopérative du Nord Tereos, en partenariat avec des consoeurs, dont l'une, Cap Seine, est régionale. Le site livrera aussi aux raffineries de Basse-Seine. Car c'est d'abord la proximité des groupes pétroliers qui attire les usines de biocarburants à Rouen. Mais aussi parce que le port, déjà situé au carrefour d'une vaste région céréalière englobant la Picardie, la Haute et la Basse-Normandie, garantit la sécurité d'approvisionnement des usines : Rouen est en effet le premier port céréalier européen, et voit tous les ans transiter près de 6 millions de tonnes de céréales destinées à l'exportation. Logistique, professionnels, grains... tout était là. Le port dispose d'un autre avantage, moins volontiers évoqué : en cas de mauvaise récolte ou de manque de matière première, il pourrait en importer à moindre coût. D'autres acteurs participent à la ruée sur les biocarburants. La société Rubis Terminal, qui stocke du carburant d'importation, le mélange avec du carburant végétal avant de le revendre aux distributeurs. L'entreprise Senalia, dont les silos sur la presqu'île Elie, près du centre-ville, sont toujours destinés à l'exportation, en a construit d'autres jouxtant les sites de Saipol et de Tereos. La société s'est imposée comme prestataire de service "officiel" de l'agro-industrie.

"LE SENS DE L'HISTOIRE"

Mais les biocarburants ne provoquent pas partout l'euphorie. Au Comptoir agricole Villette, propriétaire des silos Simarex, sur la rive gauche, on se demande quel impact aura le lancement de l'usine Lillebonne, qui transformera 800 000 tonnes de blé par an. "Pour les silos portuaires d'exportation, il faudra sans doute aller chercher le grain plus loin", prévoit Bernard Villette, le doyen des opérateurs céréaliers rouennais. Chez les courtiers aussi, les biocarburants bousculent les habitudes. "Avant, on exportait du colza au Japon, au Bangladesh, au Mexique... ce n'est plus le cas", explique Philippe Hurtebize, dont la société, à deux pas du siège du port, est spécialisée dans le commerce des oléoprotéagineux. La filière biodiesel, structurée du champ à l'usine, organise le marché en proposant des contrats aux producteurs, et donc en fixant les prix : "En tant qu'homme de marché, avec le colza industriel, je n'ai plus aucun rôle. Mais c'est le sens de l'histoire, et c'est très bien pour les agriculteurs et l'industrie", tempère-t-il. Dans le centre-ville, chez Comigrain, Xavier Haas et Hervé Le Guellec, courtiers en céréales, imaginent un impact similaire avec le blé. "Ce qui ira à Lillebonne ne passera plus par Rouen. L'industrie a besoin de contractualiser pour garantir ses approvisionnements, ce sera autant de moins pour le commerce", expliquent les associés. Ils tiennent à soulever une question, qui agite le milieu. "Il sera intéressant d'observer le divorce entre alimentaire et énergie. Il faudra bien nourir la planète, alors où ira la priorité ?", interroge M. Le Guellec, persuadé que les perspectives à l'export demeureront, malgré tout. Les biocarburants font partie de la stratégie de diversification du port, qui souhaitait être moins dépendant des exportations céréalières, une activité très aléatoire. Mais leur impact se mesure aujourd'hui plus en termes de maintien d'activité et d'emploi que de flux commerciaux. "Les biocarburants génèrent assez peu de trafic maritime, sauf un peu d'importation d'huile de palme et d'exportation de Diester", explique Manuel Gaborieau, attaché commercial du Port autonome. Même si chacun affirme que les agriculteurs français sont capables de fournir, personne à Rouen n'écarte pour autant l'éventualité d'importations de biocarburants ou de matières premières à l'avenir. Le port pourrait aussi profiter de l'exportation de tourteaux de colza ou de drèches de blé, issus de la production de biocarburants et recyclés en alimentation animale. La France, qui en était jusqu'ici importatrice, pourrait dégager des excédents.

Laetitia Clavreul Article paru dans l'édition du 03.04.07

Par Sylvie Nathan - Publié dans : Revue de Presse
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